OUPV & 100-Ton Master · Stability
The 'free surface effect' that reduces a vessel's stability is caused by:
- ACargo lashed solidly to the deck
- BA low center of gravity
- CExcessive freeboard
- DLiquid free to move in a partially filled tank or flooded compartment✓ Correct
Explanation
Liquid sloshing in a slack tank or a flooded space shifts toward the low side as the vessel heels, moving G off-center and reducing the effective GM. Partially filled tanks and accumulated bilge or fire-fighting water are dangerous; press tanks full or pump them dry.
Authority: Bowditch, Pub. No. 9 (free surface effect)
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