Meteorology · Icing — Superstructure
Severe topside icing from freezing sea spray is most likely when:
- AAir is warm and humid with light winds
- BAir temperature is well below freezing, sea temperature is low, and strong winds drive spray over the vessel✓ Correct
- CThe sea is calm and the air is just above freezing
- DOnly fresh-water rain is falling in calm air
Explanation
Dangerous spray icing requires sub-freezing air, cold water (roughly below 8°C), and strong winds and rough seas to throw spray aboard. Rapid ice accretion raises the center of gravity and threatens stability, so masters reduce speed, change heading, and clear ice.
Authority: Bowditch (Pub. No. 9), ice accretion; WMO; NOAA icing guidance
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