Meteorology · Synoptic Charts — Surface Friction

Compared with the geostrophic wind aloft, how does surface friction over the open sea modify the wind?

Explanation

Friction reduces wind speed and weakens the Coriolis deflection, so the surface wind backs (turns counterclockwise in the NH) and blows across the isobars toward low pressure — about 10°–20° over water versus 25°–35° over rougher land.

Authority: Bowditch (Pub. No. 9), surface wind and friction; WMO

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